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Joseph Pulitzer ( ,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=''Pulitzer.org'' ). The more anglicized pronunciation is common but widely considered incorrect.〕 (:ˈpulit͡sɛr) in original Hungarian; April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911), born József Pulitzer, was a Hungarian-born American newspaper publisher of the ''St. Louis Post Dispatch'' and the ''New York World''. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his ''World'' and William Randolph Hearst's ''New York Journal'' caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising. Today, he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements. The prizes are given annually to award achievements in journalism and photography, as well as literature and history, poetry, music and drama. Pulitzer founded the Columbia School of Journalism by his philanthropic bequest; it opened in 1912. ==Early life== He was born as Pulitzer József (name order by Hungarian custom) in Makó, about 200 km south-east of Budapest in Hungary, the son of Elize (Berger) and Fülöp Pulitzer.〔http://www.sk-szeged.hu/statikus_html/vasvary/newsletter/04dec/reece.html〕 The Pulitzers were among several Jewish families living in the area, and had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers. Joseph's father was a respected businessman, regarded as the second of the "foremost merchants" of Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from Moravia to Hungary at the end of the 18th century.〔("Pulitzer biography", The Pulitzer Prizes )〕 In 1853, Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He moved his family to Pest, where he had the children educated by private tutors, and taught French and German. In 1858, after Fülöp's death, his business went bankrupt, and the family became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enlist in various European armies for work before emigrating to the United States.〔András Csillag, "Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History," ''American Jewish Archives'', Jan 1987, Vol. 39 Issue 1, pp 49–68〕 Pulitzer arrived in Boston in 1864 at the age of 17, his passage having been paid by Massachusetts military recruiters who were seeking soldiers for the long American Civil War. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lion's share of his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer snuck away from the Deer Island recruiting station and made his way to New York. He was paid $200 to enroll in the Lincoln Cavalry on September 30.〔Morris, "Pulitzer," pp. 18–21〕 He was a part of Sheridan's troopers, in the ''First New York Lincoln Cavalry'' in Company L., where he served for eight months. Although he spoke three languages: German, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned little English until after the war because his regiment was composed mostly of German immigrants.〔Swanberg, ''Pulitzer'', pp. 3–4〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph Pulitzer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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